Expressing result: as a result, consequently, therefore

🔊 المعلّمة تقرأ لك

Overweight, then diseases, then billions of dollars for the social security systems: the text on energy balance follows a chain of consequences — and it ends on its own conclusion: « Therefore, they should be banned from the media. » You already know how to express a result; this lesson makes sure you can use as a result, consequently and therefore in the right place, with the right punctuation. How do you lead your reader from a cause to its result?

🎓في نهاية هذا الدرس ستكون قادرا على:

التعبير عن النتيجة بـ ⁦so · as a result · as a consequence · consequently · therefore⁩
وضع أداة النتيجة في موضعها: في أوّل جملة النتيجة بعد نقطة أو فاصلة منقوطة، وبعدها فاصلة
التمييز بين ⁦as a result⁩ التي تُدخل النتيجة و ⁦as a result of⁩ التي تُدخل السبب، وبين ⁦result in⁩ و ⁦result from⁩
تحويل جملة سبب إلى جملة نتيجة دون تغيير المعنى، وكتابة مقال قصير عن أسباب الغذاء غير الآمن ونتائجه

🔑يفترض هذا الدرس أنّك تتقن:

أدوات السبب ⁦because · since · as · owing to⁩
علامات الوقف: النقطة والفاصلة والفاصلة المنقوطة
بنية المقال: مقدّمة وفقرات وخاتمة ⁦(introduction · body · conclusion)⁩

1. From the cause to the result

أداة السبب تُدخل العلّة، وأداة النتيجة تُدخل ما ترتّب عليها. السبب أوّلا، ثمّ أداة النتيجة، ثمّ النتيجة.

A cause word introduces the reason; a result word introduces the effect. So, thus, as a result, as a consequence, consequently and therefore express effect, result or consequence. The cause comes first, then the result. As a result, as a consequence, consequently and therefore usually open the result sentence — after a full stop or a semicolon — and are followed by a comma: « Advertisements of unhealthy foods are as harmful as advertisements for cigarettes. Therefore, they should be banned from the media. » So joins the two clauses in one sentence, after a comma: « Too many people eat in fast food restaurants, so more and more people put on weight. »

How is Your Energy Balance? — last two paragraphs

Unfortunately, the loss of energy balance is not without health and social consequences. Owing to this loss, a lot of people today suffer from obesity. According to the World Health Organisation, for the first time in history, the world population counts more obese people than slim ones. As a result of overweight, many of them have developed diseases that cost the social security systems of their countries billions and billions of dollars every year. The financial problem of these security systems is likely to worsen as no concrete measures are taken to treat the real causes of overweight at world level. Since obesity in our modern times is caused mostly by a loss of energy balance, which is due mainly to the impact of junk food adverts, it is high time our governments passed laws to limit this influence. Advertisements of unhealthy foods are as harmful as advertisements for cigarettes. Therefore, they should be banned from the media, and health warnings should be added on the labels of fast food packages.

Result words — where they go

Result word	Its place	Example
so	joins two clauses, after a comma	Too many people eat in fast food restaurants, so more and more people put on weight.
as a result · as a consequence · consequently · therefore	opens the result sentence, followed by a comma	Therefore, they should be banned from the media.
as a result of + noun phrase	introduces the cause: it means because of	As a result of overweight, many of them have developed diseases.
result in · result from	result in + the consequence · result from + the cause	The change of policy has resulted in failure. · Our problems result from our negligence.

The result word always stands before the result.

Task 1 — In the text, find the sentence that gives a result with therefore. What is the cause, and what is the result?

استخرج الجملة التي فيها ⁦therefore⁩ : ما السبب، وما النتيجة؟

« Advertisements of unhealthy foods are as harmful as advertisements for cigarettes. Therefore, they should be banned from the media, and health warnings should be added on the labels of fast food packages. » The cause: junk food adverts are as harmful as cigarette adverts. The result: they should be banned, and health warnings should be added.

Task 2 — « As a result of overweight, many of them have developed diseases. » Does as a result of introduce the cause or the result? Rewrite the idea with as a result.

هل تُدخل ⁦as a result of⁩ السبب أم النتيجة؟ أعد صياغة الفكرة بـ ⁦as a result⁩.

It introduces the cause: overweight. As a result of + a noun phrase means because of. With as a result, the cause becomes a sentence of its own, and the result word opens the next one: « Many people are overweight. As a result, many of them have developed diseases. »

2. Rewrite cause sentences as result sentences

حوّل جملة السبب إلى جملة نتيجة : السبب جملة أولى، ثمّ أداة النتيجة في أوّل الجملة الثانية.

Task 3 — Rewrite the sentences below using therefore, consequently, as a consequence or as a result.

A. Advertising is necessary for new businesses because it informs consumers about the services and products they offer. B. Owing to the advertisement of fast foods, many people have developed unhealthy eating and drinking habits. C. As consumers are aware of the importance of the environment, most food industries now put eco-labels on the packages of their products.

Task 3 — possible answers

إجابات ممكنة : السبب أوّلا، ثمّ أداة النتيجة وبعدها فاصلة.

A. Advertising informs consumers about the services and products new businesses offer. Therefore, it is necessary for new businesses.
B. Fast foods are widely advertised. As a result, many people have developed unhealthy eating and drinking habits.
C. Consumers are aware of the importance of the environment. Consequently, most food industries now put eco-labels on the packages of their products. — or: As a consequence, …

Because, owing to and as disappear: a sentence takes a cause word or a result word — never both.

Task 4 — Complete with result in or result from. A. Food poisoning often … poor hygiene. B. Eating too much fat can … overweight. C. The destruction of aquatic life … too many oil spills.

⁦result in⁩ تُدخل النتيجة، و ⁦result from⁩ تُدخل السبب.

A. Food poisoning often results from poor hygiene. — poor hygiene is the cause.
B. Eating too much fat can result in overweight. — overweight is the consequence.
C. The destruction of aquatic life results from too many oil spills. — the oil spills are the cause.

3. A newspaper article: causes and results

مقال صحفيّ : أسباب الغذاء غير الآمن ونتائجه، في مقدّمة وثلاث فقرات وخاتمة تقترح حلّا.

Causes and results — the notes

§1 · industries polluting the soil with chemicals, too much toxic waste thrown into rivers, too many oil spills, farmers using too many insecticide sprays → poisoning of water sources, too little water to drink, fruits and vegetables containing insecticide and chemical residues, destruction of aquatic life §2 · too many additives (preservatives, flavourings, colourings), too much salt or sugar to sweeten the food → children becoming hyperactive and lacking concentration at school, people developing allergies, suffering from food poisoning §3 · too few people preparing their own meals, too many people eating in fast food restaurants, fast food containing too much fat → putting on weight, developing diseases

The plan of the article: Introduction, then three body paragraphs, then a conclusion; an arrow loops from the conclusion back to the introduction.

Your turn — think, pair, share. Write a short newspaper article on the causes and the results of unsafe food. 1. Go through the notes and add ideas of your own. Select the ideas you think are relevant. 2. Write a first draft organised like the plan: an introduction, three paragraphs — one cause and its results in each — and a conclusion that suggests a solution to the problem. Join causes and results with because, owing to, since, as, due to — and as a result, so, consequently, therefore. 3. Revise your article and pass it to a partner for error checking. 4. Join a group and discuss how you can further improve your article. ⭐ Alone at home? Write the draft yourself, then read it again the next day and underline every result word: is each one followed by a result, and by a comma?

دورك : اكتب مقالا صحفيّا قصيرا عن أسباب الغذاء غير الآمن ونتائجه، ثمّ راجعه وحسّنه.

A model article

مقال نموذجيّ : أدوات النتيجة بالخطّ الغليظ.

Unsafe food: a danger on our plates Our food is less and less safe, and the causes are many. First, industries pollute the soil with chemicals and throw too much toxic waste into rivers. As a result, many water sources are poisoned, and fruits and vegetables contain chemical residues. Second, food industries use too many additives — preservatives, flavourings, colourings. Consequently, some children become hyperactive and lack concentration at school, and many people develop allergies. Finally, too few people prepare their own meals, and fast food contains too much fat. Therefore, more and more people put on weight and develop diseases. The solution is in our hands: if we read labels and cook our own meals, our food will become safer.

Check the model with the plan: an introduction; one cause per paragraph, each followed by its results with as a result, consequently, therefore; a conclusion that suggests a solution.

In the exam, result is tested in the text exploration: you rewrite a sentence with the result word given — « Since X, Y » becomes « X. Therefore, Y. » — or you join two sentences with it. Have three things ready: ① the cause first, then the result word; ② the punctuation — a full stop or a semicolon before as a result, consequently, therefore, and a comma after; ③ as a result of + noun phrase means because of. The frequent mistake: keeping the cause word — ✗ « Because fast foods are advertised, therefore many people … » → ✓ « Fast foods are advertised. Therefore, many people … ».

What I keep — To express a result, I put the cause first and the result after a result word: so inside the sentence, after a comma; as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore at the start of the result sentence, followed by a comma. As a result of + a noun phrase introduces the cause, like because of; result in introduces the consequence, result from the cause.

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