Unit 2 — ILL GOTTEN GAINS NEVER PROSPER › Language form
Expressing obligation and necessity: must, have to
- التعبير عن الإلزام والضرورة بـ must و have to متبوعتين بالفعل في صيغته المجرّدة
- التمييز بين mustn’t التي تفيد المنع و don’t have to التي تفيد انتفاء الإلزام
- تصريف have to مع الغائب المفرد (has to) وفي الماضي (had to) وفي السؤال والنفي بـ do
- استخراج عبارات الإلزام والمنع من نصّ، وكتابة جملة من إنشائك لكلّ معنى
- الأفعال الناقصة تتبعها صيغة الفعل المجرّدة دون to
- نفي الحاضر البسيط بـ don’t و doesn’t
- الحاضر البسيط مع الغائب المفرد ونهايته -s
1. Must and have to: an obligation
Must and have to + the base form of the verb express an obligation: something that is necessary. In the affirmative, the two are synonymous — « You must tell the customs officer » = « You have to tell the customs officer ». They are not built in the same way. Must is a modal: it never changes, and it is followed by the base form (I must, he must, they must). Have to is an ordinary verb: it becomes has to after he, she, it, it takes do in questions and negatives (Do you have to…? I don't have to…), and in the past it becomes had to for everybody.
1. These consumers know well that they mustn't buy imitations because they are just like stolen property. 2. They are also aware that they must refrain from buying them because of their lower quality and lack of safety standards. 3. And yet consumers, especially those with low incomes, feel that they have to purchase them. 4. Since brands are too expensive, many of these consumers are obliged to buy counterfeits to satisfy their needs. 5. We must remind them that swapping music illegally is causing us a great deal of financial loss.
Task 1 — Which two verbs are used in these sentences to express obligation and necessity?Task 1 — Which two verbs are used in these sentences to express obligation and necessity?ما الفعلان اللذان يعبّران عن الإلزام والضرورة في هذه الجمل؟
Must and have to. Sentence 2 says the consumers must refrain, sentence 3 says they have to purchase — both express a necessity, one felt as a duty, the other as a constraint. Sentence 4 gives a third way of saying it without a modal: be obliged to + base form, « many of these consumers are obliged to buy counterfeits ».
Task 2 — Which modal is used to express prohibition, and in which sentence?Task 2 — Which modal is used to express prohibition, and in which sentence?أيّ فعل ناقص يفيد المنع؟ وفي أيّ جملة ورد؟
Mustn't (must not), in sentence 1: « they mustn't buy imitations ». Buying them is presented as forbidden, because imitations « are just like stolen property ». Notice that the writer does not say they don't have to buy imitations: that would mean something completely different.
2. In the negative: mustn't or don't have to?
In the affirmative, must and have to say the same thing. In the negative, they say two different things. Mustn't (must not) expresses a prohibition: it is forbidden, and you have no choice — « You mustn't sell counterfeit medicines. » Don't have to (doesn't have to) expresses an absence of obligation: it is not necessary, and you are free to do it or not — « You don't have to buy the most expensive brand. »
| Form | What it expresses | An example |
|---|---|---|
| must or have to + base form | obligation, necessity | Manufacturers must protect their brands. |
| mustn't + base form | prohibition: it is forbidden | You mustn't buy imitations. |
| don't have to + base form | no obligation: you are free to choose | You don't have to buy a famous brand. |
Task 3 — Which form expresses a lack of obligation? Use it in a sentence of your own.Task 3 — Which form expresses a lack of obligation? Use it in a sentence of your own.أيّ صيغة تفيد انتفاء الإلزام؟ استعملها في جملة من إنشائك.
Don't have to. It tells you that something is not necessary and leaves you the choice. A sentence of your own could be: « You don't have to pay for a famous label to buy a good pair of shoes. » — nobody forbids it; it is simply not necessary. Compare with a prohibition: « You mustn't copy a brand and sell it as the original. »
3. Have to: the verb that changes
Must has only one form, and it has no past. When an obligation belongs to the past, English uses had to: « Last year, the company had to launch a campaign against counterfeiting. » Have to follows the ordinary rules of a verb: has to after he, she, it; Do you have to…? in a question; don't have to or doesn't have to in the negative; didn't have to in the past.
1. A customs officer …(1) check the goods before they enter the country: it is his job. 2. You …(2) sell medicines without a licence: the law forbids it. 3. Last month, the company …(3) withdraw thousands of fake car parts from the market. 4. Consumers …(4) buy the most expensive brand; a cheaper genuine product is enough. 5. We …(5) remind our customers that swapping music illegally is a theft.
Task 4 — the answers, and the question to ask each timeTask 4 — the answers, and the question to ask each timeفي كلّ فراغ اسأل: إلزام، أم منع، أم انتفاء إلزام؟ وهل الزمن ماضٍ؟
- (1) has to (or must) — an obligation, and the subject is he: have to becomes has to.
- (2) mustn't — a prohibition: « the law forbids it ».
- (3) had to — an obligation in the past: « Last month ». Must has no past form.
- (4) don't have to — no obligation: a cheaper genuine product is enough, so consumers are free.
- (5) must (or have to) — a necessity felt by the speaker himself.
Ask two questions before you write: is it forbidden, necessary, or simply not necessary? and is the obligation in the past? A past obligation is always had to.
A model answerA model answer
He must check where his goods come from. He must show a real invoice to the customs officer. He mustn't sell imitations as genuine products. He doesn't have to sell the most expensive brands: honest cheap products are allowed. Each line answers one question: the first two say what is necessary, the third what is forbidden, the last what is simply free.
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